GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

Wireless World

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900.

 

wireless-world

                                    1.Bluetooth

                                     2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

                                      3.Infrared

                                       4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

                                        5.GSM

                                         6.3g

                                          7.4g

                                           8.GPRS

                                            9.CDMA

                                            10.EVDO

                                             11.UMTS and HSDP

WHAT IS WiMAX?(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMAS.

           Wireless World 
WHAT IS WiMAX?(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMAS. 

WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).  

WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m).
WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds over greater distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX has the ability to provide service even in areas that are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and the ability to overcome the physical limitations of traditional wired infrastructure.
WiMAX was formed in April 2001, in anticipation of the publication of the original 10-66 GHz IEEE 802.16 specifications. WiMAX is to 802.16 as the WiFi Alliance is to 802.11.
 WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers. 
At its heart, however, WiMAX is a standards initiative. Its purpose is to ensure that the broadband wireless radios manufactured for customer use interoperate from vendor to vendor. The primary advantages of the WiMAX standard are to enable the adoption of advanced radio features in a uniform fashion and reduce costs for all of the radios made by companies, who are part of the WiMAX Forum - a standards body formed to ensure interoperability via testing. The more recent Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard is a similar term describing a parallel technology to WiMAX that is being developed by vendors and carriers as a counterpoint to WiMAX.

WiMAX is:

• Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
• Based on Wireless MAN technology.
• A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a wide area.
• A scaleable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary broadband networks.
• A certification that denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE 802.16 or compatible standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops standards that address two types of usage models:
  
  • A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).
  • A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).
  WLANS: Wireless Local Area NetworksWLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university campus or library, to form a network or gain access to the internet. A temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without the need of an access point; given that they do not need access to network resources.
  WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks
  The two current technologies for wireless personal area networks are Infra Red (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15). These will allow the connectivity of personal devices within an area of about 30 feet. However, IR requires a direct line of site and the range is less.
  WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
  This technology allows the connection of multiple networks in a metropolitan area such as different buildings in a city, which can be an alternative or backup to laying copper or fiber cabling.
  WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks
  These types of networks can be maintained over large areas, such as cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna sites looked after by an ISP. These types of systems are referred to as 2G (2nd Generation) systems.
  

      Wireless World

  1.Bluetooth

    2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

     3.Infrared

      4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

          5.GSM

            6.3g

             7.4g

              8.GPRS

                9.CDMA

                   10.EVDO

                     11.UMTS and HSDPA

                                                              

  
  
  

what is infrared

wireless-world

 WHAT IS INFRARED?

 Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units.

Range - Infrared communications span very short distances. Place two infrared devices within a few feet (no more than 5 meters) of each other when networking them. Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions and work only in the direct "line of sight."

                                                                                                                                               

           wireless-world

                                    1.Bluetooth

                                     2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

                                      3.Infrared

                                       4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

                                        5.GSM

                                         6.3g

                                          7.4g

                                           8.GPRS

                                            9.CDMA

                                            10.EVDO

                                             11.UMTS and HSDP

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

wireless-world

  Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

Wi-Fi (short for "wireless fidelity") is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802.11 family. The term Wi-Fi was created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify product interoperability. A product that passes the alliance tests is given the label "Wi-Fi certified" (a registered trademark).

Originally, Wi-Fi certification was applicable only to products using the 802.11b standard.The 802.11 specifications are part of an evolving set of wireless network standards known as the 802.11 family. new versions of Wi-Fi called successively 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and so on. Each of these related standards can communicate with each other, although newer versions offer better performance and more features.The particular specification under which a Wi-Fi network operates is called the "flavor" of the network. A basic Wi-Fi network with one wireless access point reaches at most only a few hundred feet (100m or less) in any direction. Expanding the range of a Wi-Fi network requires installing additional access points configured to communicate with each other, which becomes expensive and difficult to support, especially outdoors. As with other wireless protocols, signal interference (from other wireless devices, or from physical obstructions such as walls) can lower the effective range of Wi-Fi and its overall reliability.Wireless broadband routers commonly used in home networks serve (along with their other functions) as Wi-Fi access points. Similarly, public Wi-Fi hotspots utilize one or more access points installed inside the coverage area.
Small Wi-Fi radios and antennas are embedded inside smartphones, laptops, printers, and many consumer gadgets enabling them to function as network clients. Access points are configured with network names that clients can discover when scanning the area for available networks.

  

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is usually access point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with minimal configuration like a button press, as in headsets and remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits better in applications where some degree of client configuration is possible and high speeds are required, especially for network access through an access node. However, Bluetooth access points do exist and ad-hoc connections are possible with Wi-Fi though not as simply as with Bluetooth

  wireless-world

                                    1.Bluetooth

                                     2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

                                      3.Infrared

                                       4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

                                        5.GSM

                                         6.3g

                                          7.4g

                                           8.GPRS

                                            9.CDMA

                                            10.EVDO

                                             11.UMTS and HSDP

 wireless-world

               What Is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power radio communications to wirelessly link phones, computers and other network devices over short distances. The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more than 1,000 years ago.Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically less than 30 feet (10 meters) up to 100m.

Class	Max. permitted power		Typ. range (m)
	(mW)	(dBm)
1	100	20	~100
2	2.5	4	~10
3	1	0	~1

 Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps to 24 Mbps,

Version	Data rate	Max. application throughput
1.2	1 Mbit/s	>80 kbit/s
2.0 + EDR	3 Mbit/s	>80 kbit/s
3.0 + HS	24 Mbit/s	3.0 + HS
4.0	24 Mbit/s	4.0 LE

 

Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer devices. Devices communicate using protocols that are part of the Bluetooth Specification.

 

Bluetooth v1.0 and v1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth v1.1

• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2002
• Many errors found in the v1.0B specifications were fixed.
• Added possibility of non-encrypted channels.
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

Bluetooth v1.2

Major enhancements include the following:

• Faster Connection and Discovery
• Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.
• Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, than in v1.1.
• Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data transfer.
• Host Controller Interface (HCI) operation with three-wire UART.
• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1–2005
• Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR

This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer. The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 Mbit/s, although the practical data transfer rate is 2.1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK. EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced 

The specification is published as Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR, which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet.

Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007.

The headline feature of v2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. See the section on Pairing below for more details.

Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including "Extended inquiry response" (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode.

Bluetooth v3.0 + HS

Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009. Bluetooth v3.0 + HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated 802.11 link.

The main new feature is AMP (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of 802.11 as a high speed transport. The High-Speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A Bluetooth v3.0 device without the "+HS" suffix is only required to support features introduced in Core Specification Version 3.0 or earlier Core Specification Addendum 1.

Bluetooth v4.0

General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with AES Encryption.
Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed (802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer.
Core Specification Addendum 3 revision 2 has an adoption date of 24 July 2012.
Core Specification Addendum 4 has an adoption date of 12 February 2013.
Bluetooth V4.1
The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer usability. These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously. New features of this specification include:

• Mobile Wireless Service Coexistence Signaling
• Train Nudging and Generalized Interlaced Scanning
• Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising
• L2CAP Connection Oriented and Dedicated Channels with Credit Based Flow Control
• Dual Mode and Topology
• LE Link Layer Topology
• 802.11n PAL
• Audio Architecture Updates for Wide Band Speech
• Fast Data Advertising Interval
• Limited Discovery Time

Notice that some features were already available in a Core Specification Addendum (CSA) before the release of v4.1.
Bluetooth V4.2
 Bluetooth v4.2 was released on December 2, 2014. It Introduces some key features for IoT. Some features, such as Data Length Extension, require a hardware update. But some older Bluetooth hardware may receive some Bluetooth v4.2 features, such as privacy updates via firmware.
The major areas of improvement are:

• LE Data Packet Length Extension
• LE Secure Connections
• Link Layer Privacy
• Link Layer Extended Scanner Filter Policies
• IP connectivity for Bluetooth Smart devices to become available soon after the introduction of BT v4.2 via the new Internet Protocol Support Profile (IPSP).
• IPSP adds an IPv6 connection option for Bluetooth Smart, to support connected home and other IoT implementations.

  wireless-world                            

1.Bluetooth

  2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

   3.Infrared

    4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

        5.GSM

          6.3g

           7.4g

            8.GPRS

              9.CDMA

                 10.EVDO

                   11.UMTS and HSDPA

Wireless World

                              Wireless World

What Is a Wireless Network?

A wireless local-area network (LAN) uses radio waves to connect devices such as laptops to the Internet and to your business network and its applications. When you connect a laptop to a WiFi hotspot at a cafe, hotel, airport lounge, or other public place, you're connecting to that business's wireless network.

What Is a Wireless Network vs. a Wired Network?

A wired network connects devices to the Internet or other network using cables. The most common wired networks use cables connected to Ethernet ports on the network router on one end and to a computer or other device on the cable's opposite end.

 Benefits..

• Convenience. Access your network resources from any location within your wireless network's coverage area or from any WiFi hotspot.
• Mobility. You're no longer tied to your desk, as you were with a wired connection. You and your employees can go online in conference room meetings, for example.
• Productivity. Wireless access to the Internet and to your company's key applications and resources helps your staff get the job done and encourages collaboration.
• Easy setup. You don't have to string cables, so installation can be quick and cost-effective.
• Expandable. You can easily expand wireless networks with existing equipment, while a wired network might require additional wiring.
• Security. Advances in wireless networks provide robust security protections.
• Cost. Because wireless networks eliminate or reduce wiring costs, they can cost less to operate than wired networks.

     What is,

                                    1.Bluetooth

                                     2.Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

                                      3.Infrared

                                       4.Wi-max, WLANS, WPANS, WMANS, WWMANS

                                        5.GSM

                                         6.3g

                                          7.4g

                                           8.GPRS

                                            9.CDMA

                                            10.EVDO

                                             11.UMTS and HSDPA