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Wednesday, April 11, 2012

How can i stop hair falling?



Hair loss is a very common problem among people. In most cases abnormal loosing of hair is a sign of health problems. What is abnormal loosing of hair? Do not panic if you loose from 50 to 100 hair per day – this is norma

Here are 10 tips for to keep your hair strong, smooth, shiny and beautiful!

1. Keep your diet balanced, and eat protein and calcium rich foods. Stay away from junk foods! This is essential for healthy hair.
2. Foods and supplements to nourish your hair:
* Beans
* Yogurt
* Almonds
* Vitamin B
* Fish
* And of course, the magic potion for beauty - WATER
3. Before washing your hair, comb it well to make sure all knots has been loosened from your hair.
4. Before applying shampoo, use warm water (35 to 38 degrees Celsius) to run through your hair to rinse and wet it thoroughly.
5. When applying shampoo or conditioner, don't use your fingernails to scrape through your hair. Instead, use your palm and fingertips to massage your scalp and hair gently, in circular motions. This will help the circulation and also help to keep your hair shiny and smooth.
6. After rinsing away all the shampoo, run water over your hair for at least another half a minute (3 minutes is best) to ensure there are no remains of shampoo remaining in your hair, since this will cause a great deal of damage to your scalp.
7. When applying hair treatment products, do so just after you have washed your hair, so that your hair can absorb all the good stuff while it is half wet. This will be the best time for it to absorb nourishment.
8. NEVER go to bed with your hair wet! Hair that is half wet is most easily broken, and if you sleep during this time, your hair will be rubbing against each other, damaging your hair in the most terrible way.
9. Too much pressure may lead to hair loss! Relax... try some good relaxation methods such as soaking in a nice scented bath, listening to music, and eating healthy comfort foods such as strawberries and grapes.
10. Perming and coloring seriously damages your hair. Avoid it as much as possible. Also, when using hair setting products such as gel or putty, use as little as possible, because they hurt your scalp and hair. Wash them out thoroughly afterwards with a shampoo specially created for removing styling products 
You can follow some routine care at home to prevent the hair from damage.

Always keep your hair clean. It will protect them from dandruff, itching and hair lice, which ultimately results in hair fall.
Always use the shampoo and conditioner depending on your hair type. As for oily hair, you should use a shampoo, which is meant for specifically for oily hair.
Give regular massages to your scalp and hair with lukewarm oil at least twice a month. You can choose coconut oil, olive oil or almond oil for your hair. You can even mix these oil and apply the solution on your hair.
If there is dandruff in your hair you can mix camphor cubes in coconut oil to massage on your hair and scalp. It helps in reducing the dandruff.
Rub a lime on your scalp if there is dandruff on your scalp, leave it for 10 minutes and shampoo the hair. You should use medicated dandruff shampoo and oil to apply on your hair when they are suffering from dandruff.
Never comb your hair when they are wet. The roots of the hairs are the weakest when they are wet.
Keep the hair wrapped in a towel for a while then let them dry in natural air as excess usage of hair dryer too damages the hair texture and makes them weak and then ultimately they fall.
When your hair is falling, make a mixture at home containing Amla, Shikakai and dry neem leaves. Grind them together and apply this paste on the hair before washing them off for a while.
Whipped eggs mixed in curd and henna powder help in preventing hair fall.
Eat healthy diet including green vegetables, dairy products and fruits.
Drinking coconut water prevents the hair fall.
You can make oil at home for falling hair. Boil henna and neem leaves in mustard oil till the leaves get almost dissolved in it. Let it cool and then filter. Add few camphor cubes to it and fill in a bottle. Use this oil to massage on your hair.
Mixture of almond oil, olive oil and castor oil is equally good to prevent and stop hair from further falling.
Get your hair trim every month so that there are no split ends left.
Include at least 2 nuts in your daily diet. They help a lot in strengthen the hair.
Avoid using too harsh clips or bands on the hair. Never make hair too tight.
Protect the hair from dust and sun. Cover your head while going in the direct sun.
Apply hair pack on your head at least once in a month. It can be henna paste, curd, eggs or a combination of all.
Wash your hair every time you apply some chemicals on your hair in form of styling gels, creams, sprays or lotions. The harmful chemicals in them damage the hair and make them to fall.
If you have got the bald patches on your head then apply onion on the bald patch by rubbing it and then apply honey over it. Leave it for few minutes and then wash off.
Boil fenugreek seeds in any of the hair oil of your choice as coconut oil or olive oil. Restrain it and fill it in a bottle. Use this oil to massage on your head. Its very helpful in reducing the hair loss.
Eating iron rich fruits and food helps in preventing the hair fall. Include apples, beetroots and jagary in your daily diet. They are rich in iron so help to prevent your hair fall.
hair growth
If you want hair to grow faster or more healthy, you have to take supplements that work on your body chemistry to support hair's growth and strength at its genesis.....once it has grown out, it is just dead keratin
Try GNC, they make a supplement called " Ultra Nourishair" in formulas for men and women..they are HUGE pills and you have to take 2 daily. There is also a "Hair skin and nails" formula from Andrew Lessman that you can google, that has great ingredients and is easier to swallow, made by ProCaps labs. You can also take large doses of Biotin, sometimes called Vitamin H, take no less than 2500 micrograms daily to support healthy hair growth. It may take 6 to 8 weeks to see results. 
have taken the GNC pills for 4 months and supplemented them with extra Biotin because they only have 1200 mcg of Biotin and you should try for a minimum of 2500 micrograms.
I am switching to Procaps labs capsules when I run out of the GNC because Procaps formula has more Biotin in a more pure form with more of the trace elements that support healthy hair growth.
I take about 5000 micrograms which equals 5 milligrams of Biotin daily and my hair is growing fast and thick and dark.


How to prevent the earthquake disaster?

Prevent Earthquake Disaster 


Earthquakes are major and powerful natural occurrences. There is no existing way available to human beings to prevent occurrences of earthquakes, or event predict with much accuracy the likelihood of occurrence of earthquake at a particular place and time.
All that people can do about the earth quake is to take precautions to reduce the destructive impact of earthquakes when they do take place. These kind of precautions are particularly applicable do design and constructions of buildings and other structures. There are many different specialized techniques available to prevent or, at least, reduce the damage to structures by earthquakes. The basic principle involved in these techniques is to build the structure in such a way to reduce the  disturbances caused in one part of the structure being transmitted to the other parts. This itself can be achieved in different ways like isolating different parts from each other and building in some kind of flexibility in the structures.Earthquake іѕ thе result οf seismic activity οf аn area thаt suddenly releases energy. It usually occurs within a period οf time аnd come іn several waves. Thе common earth activity οftеn causes dаmаgе tο houses furniture. It mіght even cause deaths tο human аnd animals. Preventing thе earthquake іѕ kind οf impossible tο bе done bу thе common people. Bυt, preventing thе dаmаgе οf аn earthquake іѕ nοt impossible tο bе done bу thе common people.
Thеrе аrе several things thаt уου саn dο tο minimize thе dаmаgе οf аn earthquake. Thеѕе things саnnοt bе done іn half way bесаυѕе еνеrу lіttlе mistake саn cause bіg dаmаgе. Yου mіght regret іt later іf уου dο nοt care аbουt уουr οwn safety. Wе assure уου tο rearrange уουr house іn order tο prevent thе earthquake dаmаgе.

1. Thе first thing thаt уου саn dο іѕ tο secure уουr furniture. Avoid buying fragile furniture bесаυѕе іt wουld mess up іf іt cracked. Fragile furniture lіkе glasses mіght hυrt уου іf thеу fell down аnd broken іntο tіnу pieces. Yου need tο rearrange уουr furniture аѕ well іn order tο prevent thеm frοm falling down οr turning over.

2. Tighten уουr plumbing appliances tο avoid leakage especially fοr thе appliances thаt аrе connected tο gas pipes. Yου аlѕο hаνе tο store аll chemicals аnd οthеr dаngеrουѕ liquid іn a safe рlасе lіkе іn thе cabinet. Dο nοt forget tο shut thе cabinet tightly. It іѕ tο prevent аnу dаmаgе caused bу chemicals аnd dаngеrουѕ liquids. Liquid gas іѕ one οf thе examples οf dаngеrουѕ liquid thаt сουld cause fire.

3. Thе last thing wе suggest уου іѕ tο keep fire extinguishers іn reachable places around уουr house. Earthquake mіght cause fire frοm thе spilled dаngеrουѕ liquid, electricity problems аnd ѕο forth. Aѕ ехрlаіnеd before, hazardous liquid lіkе liquid gas mіght cause fire іf static electricity occurs. Many οthеr things аlѕο possible tο cause fire bесаυѕе wе never know whаt wουld happen іn such a life-risking time. Therefore, уου need tο hаνе fire extinguishers аt lеаѕt one іn уουr house аnd more fοr lаrgеr house.

Tuesday, April 10, 2012

Send Free SMS From Gmail

Try Gmail SMS today and start texting your friends from your computer. 

Log on to your gmail account or if you don't already have one, you cancreate one here.


  1. A Chat window appears. Just type your message as you would normally. When you hit Enter, the message will be sent to the phone number you entered.
  2. Click Save.
  3. Enter your contact’s name in the ‘Search or invite friends’ box in Chat, and selectSend SMS from the box of options that appears to the right of your contact’s name. Or, if you already have a Chat window open for this contact, just click Options, and select Send SMS.
  4. In the dialog box, enter a phone number in the ‘Send SMS messages to this number’ field. This feature is only launched in selected countries. To see the list of supported countries and operators, Click here. If you are not located in one of these countries you can still use it, but you won't see the SMS option in Chat until you enable it manually in the Chat settings page.
If your contact replies, the text message response will appear as a reply in Chat. These conversations are stored in your Chat history just like regular chats. 

The good thing is, Google does not charge for using this service. However, mobile providers' standard charges will apply to any SMS messages sent from a mobile device to Google Chat. Please check your mobile provider's price plan for details. 

 Google gives you an SMS Credit of 50 units. SMS credit is an allocation of SMS (text messages) that you're able to send to a mobile phone: 
  • Initially, you're granted a credit of fifty messages.
  • Every time you send a message, your credit decreases by one.
  • Every time you receive an SMS message in Chat (for example when a phone user replies to one of your messages) your credit increases by five, up to a maximum of 50.
If your SMS credit goes down to zero at any point, it will increase back up to one 24 hours later. So, you won't ever be locked out of the system.

How to add Adsense code inside blogger post, below the Title


How do I add Adsense code inside blogger post, below the Title?

I have observed that a lot of bloggers ask this question in blog forums. Placing adsense code below post title is not at all difficult.
All you have to do is create an ad unit on Google Adsense website, get the code and add it to the a location in your blog template which I'm going to show you soon.

In blogger, by default, we can only display ads on top of our posts, under the posts and on the side bars. However, we often see some blogs with Adsense ads place inside the post body.

In the first place, why place an Ad below your post title?
Below the post title is the position with the highest CTR (click-through rate). In other words the ad placed there will have the highest number of clicks and hence earn the most money. That's most probably your reason for blogging. Enough of that. Let's get started.

Get the Ad code from your adsense account, preferable either a 300x250 Medium Rectangle or 336x250 Large Rectangle ad unit.
Parse the ad code in a parser to escape special characters in the code. The ad won’t appear if you use the original unescaped ad code.One of my favorite javascript/adsense parsers can be found at Blog crowds.
Copy the parsed code.
Now follow these steps:
  1. Login your Blogger Account
  2.  Click on Design  >> Edit HTML
  3. Check the  “Expand Widget Templates” box.
  4. (Important!)Download your full Template in case you screw up somewhere.
  5. Then find the following code(Ctrl+F)
   <data:post.body/>
     Paste your parsed adsense code on top of it.
     And you'll have:
    
      Your ad code
   <data:post.body/>

     That's it! It's that easy.

Oh no, one more thing, your ads will display below post titles on all pages(home page and individual post pages). If you wish for it to be applied just on post pages, add the following lines of code:

  <b:if cond='data:blog.pageType == &quot;item&quot;'>
   Place your ad code here
  </b:if>
  <data:post.body/>

It couldn't be easier than this. Good luck as your earnings rise.It works like charm.

Monday, April 9, 2012

Entries for sale through credit/debit cards

Entries for sale through credit/debit cards




Now a days sales through Credit/Debit cards are issued by almost every bank in India either directly or which collaboration of some other agencies HSBC Card, SBI Card, ICICI Bank Card, HDFC Card, UTI Card, and Andhra Bank Cards are some of the popular cards.

The procedures of issuing Credit/Debit Cards are as follows
1) A small plastic card called credit card is issued by bank to a prospective.
customer, after verifying his credibility, which is generally reassured by his income sources. Debit card is issued by bank to a customer who has an account with the bank, marinating a minimum balance. Now a days ATM card issued by the bank can also be used debit card. This card would be containing an embossed 16 digit number and also the name of the cardholder.
  

2) Generally bank changed annual subscription fees from the credit card holder. No fee is changed in case of debit card, though some banks changed a nominal fee on debit card.

3) When the card holder intends to buy some goods or services through credit or debit card, the seller fills in a form generally in triplicate the detains of the goods a with the amount of sales and uses the embossed card which the help of the credit card machine to print the data on that form, Also the customer has to the countersign the form. One carbon copy of the form is given to the customer foe the record.

4) The sellers some up the different amount sold like this and submits, generally everybody, to his bank all the forms. The amount is credited by the bank to the seller’s account and debited to the account of the bank or the company issuing the credit/debit card.


5) The bank issuing the card, charges commission for each such transaction, which varies between 1% to 4% and is immediately debited to seller’s bank account.


6) The bank sends a monthly statement to the card holder. In case of debit card the amount is immediately debited to the card holder’s account whereas in case of credit card, card holder has to pay the amount in full or part. However, if not paid in full, the interest charged.
Accounting For Credit/Debit Card Sale

       From the Sellers Point of view, this type of sales is equivalent to a cash sales, Commission charged by the bank will be treated as selling expense. The following general entries will be made in the seller's book of accounts. 

1.    BANK   A/c                                    Dr.
          To SALES ACCOUNT
    (Sales made through Credit/Debit Card)

2.  COMMISSION A/c                             Dr.
          To BANK ACCOUNT 
    (Commission Charged by Bank)

Stock Market Terminology


Arbitrage: The business of taking advantage of difference in price of a security traded on two or more stock exchanges, by buying in one and selling in the other (or vice versa). Quite simply it means you try to buy something cheap in one place, to make a profit by selling it somewhere else. Given the speed at which the financial markets now operate, in practice, the simultaneous purchase of foreign exchange, securities, commodities or any other financial instrument in one market and the sale in another at a higher price is known as arbitrage.


American Depository Receipt (ADR): A stock representing a specified number of shares in a foreign corporation. ADRs are bought and sold in the American markets just like regular stocks. An ADR is issued by a U.S. Bank, consisting of a bundle of shares of a foreign corporation that are being held in custody overseas. The foreign entity must provide financial information to the sponsor bank. ADRs are listed on either the NYSE, or NASDAQ.
American Depository Share (ADS): A share issued under deposit agreement that represents an underlying security in the issuer’s home country. The term ADR and ADS are thought to be the same. ADS is the actual share trading while ADR represents a bundle of ADSs.
Abnormal Rate of Return: The amount by which a security’s return differs from its expected rate of return based on the market’s rate of return and the security’s relationship with the market.
Accumulation Phase: Phase in the investment life cycle during which individuals in the early-to-middle years of their working career attempt to accumulate assets to satisfy short-term needs and long-term goals.
Actuarial Rate of Return: The discount rate used to find the present value of a defined benefit pension plan’s future obligations and thus determine the size of the firm’s annual contribution to the plan.
American Option: An option contract that can be exercised at any time until its expiration date.
Analysis Effect: The difference in performance of a bond portfolio from that of a chosen index due to acquisition of temporarily mispriced issues that then move to their correct prices.
Anomalies: Security price relationships that appear to contradict a well-regarded hypothesis in this case, the efficient market hypothesis.
Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT): A theory that posits that the expected return to a financial asset can be described by its relationship with several common risk factors. The APT can be contrasted with the single-factor CAPM.
Arithmetic Mean (AM): A measure of mean annual rates of return equal to the sum of annual holding period rates of return divided by the number of years.
Asset Allocation: The process of deciding how to distribute an investor’s wealth among different asset classes for investment purposes.
Asset Class: Securities that have similar characteristics, attributes, and risk/return relationships.
Assets Under Management (AUM): The total market value of the assets managed by an investment firm.
At the Money: A special case of an option where the exercise price and the price of the underlying asset are identical.
Attribution Analysis: An assessment technique designed to establish whether a manager’s performance relative to a benchmark resulted from market timing or security selection skills.
Autocorrelation Test: A test of the efficient market hypothesis that compares security price changes over time to check for predictable correlation patterns.
Average Tax Rate: A person’s total tax payment divided by his or her total income.
Above Par: The par value of a share is its face value. When the share price is above its face value, it is above par.
Account Closure: A client may close its beneficiary account with the participant at the client’s option. A clearing member may also close its account with the participant. The account closure can be initiated by the participant itself, if the client has defaulted in its obligations towards the participant.
Account Days of Settlement Date: Date set aside for settlement of accounts i.e. transactions between members of a stock exchange.
Account: Account refers to forward business. It may also relate to the process by which such forward bargains are settled.
Accumulated Dividend: Dividend due but not paid. This is usually in reference to cumulative preferred stock. It is carried on the books of accounts as a liability until paid.
Accumulation: This refers to the purchase of a large number of shares in a quiet and controlled manner, without attracting public attention since that could push up prices. A cartel or institutions usually take months to complete the accumulation process.
Acid Test: The ratio of liquid assets including cash, trade receivables and marketable securities, to current liabilities, also called quick ratio.
Acquisition: When a company or an individual takes over a controlling interest in another company it is known as acquisition. Investors are always looking out for companies that are likely to be taken over or acquired, because those who are willing to acquire such companies are often welling to pay more than the market price for the shares they need.
Across the Board: A movement of stock prices (up or down) that affects almost all stocks (up or down). When the stock prices move up across the board, almost every stock gains in price.
Active Shares: Shares in which there are frequent and day-to-day dealings, as distinguished from partly active shares in which dealings are not so frequent.
Advance Decline Line: This is a measurement of the number of stocks that have advanced or declined over a particular period of time. It is ratio of one to the other and shows the general direction of the market.
Air Pocket Stock: A stock that falls sharply usually on negative news (such as unexpected poor earnings). As shareholders and traders rush to sell, few buyers are found and p4rice drops sharply, like an aero plane hitting an air pocket.
Alert: Some actions of the dealers need control approval. These actions come to control workstation as Alerts. The possible alerts that require control approval are trade modification, trade cancellation, negotiated trade entry, auction initiation and auction order cancellation.
All or None (AON): This is one of the special terms conditions. An order with this condition should be matched either with the entire order quantity or none at all.
Allotment Letter: It is a document issued by the company to the investors evidencing allotment of shares/debentures/bonds to the applicants subscribing for such securities. It also indicates the number and, the value of the shares. It is valid for delivery till the issue of share certificates.
Allotment of Shares: After a company has issued a prospectus and application forms for shares, it receives applications from investing public for varying numbers of shares, and shares are distributed equitably to applicants.
Alpha Shares: The most frequently traded shares, also called specified shares, group securities, cleared securities.
Annual General Meeting (AGM): Meeting held once a year where the directors of the company report to the shareholders on the year’s performance and any vacancies in the Board of Directors are filled by shareholders consent. It is statutory requirement to hold AGM every year.
Annual Report: Report made by the Directors of a company to its shareholders at the end of each accounting year, containing: (a) Directors’ report, (b) Auditors report, (c) Balance Sheet, (d) Profit and Loss account, and (e) Schedules.
Application Money: The amount which an investor is asked to pay with the application for new issues.
Arbitration: Settlement of claims, differences or disputes between members, clients, authorized clerks, sub-brokers and employees through appointed arbitrators. A party dissatisfied with the award of the arbitrators is allowed to appeal to the arbitration committee.
Ascending Triangle: This is a bullish formation formed after a consolidation of prices. This movement shows that demand for a particular stock is growing.
Asking price: The lowest price at which a stockholder is willing to unload his shares.
Asset: Any item of value. Assets can be classified as:-
(a)    Tangible asset - Any asset whose value can be measured in monetary terms.
(b)   Intangible asset – An item which cannot readily be assigned a monetary value (e.g. good will of business).
(c)    Current asset – An item that can be readily converted into cash in a year or less.
(d)   Fixed asset – An item which can be used for manufacturing or other productive activities, e.g. machinery, land buildings, etc.
Assets Securitization: It implies the process of conversion of the assets of the lender/institution into negotiable instruments. The assets are held as a collateral security against the bonds issued by the lender to provide liquidity.
At a Premium: At a price higher than that printed on the share certificate, i.e., above par.
At Par: A price equal to the face value of a share, i.e. if the face value of a share is Rs. 10 or Rs. 100 it is being issued or offered for sale at Rs. 10 or Rs. 100.
At the Opening (ATO) order: A customer’s order to a broker to buy or sell a security at the price that applies when as exchange opens. If the order is not executed at that time, it is automatically cancelled.
Auction market: A market where goods or securities are sold to the highest bidder. The buy/sell auction for a security is managed through the auction market.
Authorized Assistant:  Assistant clerks of members of stock exchange who are authorized by them to do business on their behalf in the market. The member has to take the responsibility of fulfilling all the transactions and business commitments of the Authorized Assistant entered into on his behalf as principal. Permission of the Stock Exchange has to be obtained by members for appointment of such authorized assistants.
Authorized Share Capital: The maximum number of shares the company may issue, stated in the memorandum and articles of association of the company.
Averaging: An investment technique, consisting of buying the same securities at successively lower prices as a stock goes down or averaging up By lessening the risks involved by spreading purchases over a range of prices, averaging is thought to be a made of insurance against wide stock price fluctuations.

Bearer Security: This is a bond or a share for which there is no other proof of ownership than the physical possession of the security. No official record or register of ownership is kept, the owner is the ‘bearer’ of the share or bond certificate. This means that these certificates are easily traded without formality. If you own bearer securities, look after them. No dividend is paid to such shares and no interest paid to such bonds. Instead the certificate will have several coupons attached. These must be physically removed from the certificate and presented to the originating company for payment of any dividend or interest to be made.

Bears: These stock market operators are pessimists, they expect share prices or any other type of investment to fall. In a bear market, the general sentiment is that prices are going to go lower and majority of dealers well sell as quickly as possible for fear of holding shares which diminish in value. Bears, like ‘bulls’ drive the market.
 
Bond: A debt security issued by a company or government agency is called a bond. A bond investor lends money to the issuer and, in exchange, the issuer promises to repay the loan amount on a specified maturity date, the issuer usually pays the bondholder periodic interest payments over the period of the loan.

Badla: Carrying forward of transaction form one settlement period to the next without effecting delivery or payment. Badla involves carrying forward of a transaction from one settlement period to the next. The carry forward is done at the making up price, which is usually the closing price of the last day of settlement.
A badla transaction attracts the following payment charges:
(a) ‘Margin money’ specified by the stock exchange board; and
(b) Contango or badla charges (interest charges) determined on the basis of demand
and supply forces.

Blue Chips: Blue Chips are shares of large, well-established and financially sound companies with an impressive record of earnings and dividends. Generally, Blue Chip shares provide low to moderate current yield and moderate to high capital gains yield. The price volatility of such shares is moderate.

Bonus: A free allotment of shares made in proportion to existing shares out of accumulated reserves. A bonus share does not constitute additional wealth to shareholders. It merely signifies recapitalization of reserves into equity capital. However, the expectation of bonus shares has a bullish impact on market sentiment and causes share prices to go up.

Bull: A bull is one who expects a rise in price that he can later sell at a higher price.
Base Price: This is the price of a security at the begirining of the trading day which is used to determine the day Minimum/Maximum and the operational ranges for that day.

Bid and Offer: Bid is the price at which the market maker buys from the investor and offer is the price at which he offers to sell the stock to the investor. The offer is higher than the bid.

Basket Trading: Basket trading is a facility by which investors are in a position to buy/sell all 30 scripts Sensex in the proportion of current weights in the Sensex, in one go.

Stock Market Terminology
Beta: It is a standard measure of risk for an individual stock. It is the sensitivity of the movement of the past share price of a stock to the movement of the market as a whole. The beta of the market is taken as 1.A Benchmark Index (the sensex, for instance) is taken as the proxy for the market. Stock with betas greater than 1 tend to amplify the movement of the market. If a stock has a beta of 1.20, it means that if the market has moved by 1%, the stock price would have moved by an extra 1.2%.

Buy Limit Order: An order of buying a security with a condition that order will not be executed above the specific mentioned price.

Buy on Close: An order of buying a stock, but only at the end of the trading day. Security will be bought in the closing price range.

Breakout: When the price of a stock surpasses is initial high (resistance level) or falls below the initial low (Support level), it is termed as break out in technical analysis.

Book Runner: Institution that arranges and manages the book building process for the new public issue.

Bourse: The floor of a Stock Exchange.

Backtest: A method of testing a quantitative model in which computers are used to examine the composition and returns of portfolios based on historical data to determine if the selected strategy would have worked in the past.

Backwardated: A situation in a futures market where the current contract price is less than the current spot price for the underlying asset.

Balance Sheet: A financial statement that shows what assets the firm controls at a fixed point in time and how it has financed these assets.

Balanced Fund: A mutual fund with, generally, a three-part investment objective:
(1)   To conserve the investor’s principal,
(2)   To pay current income, and
(3)   To increase both principal and income. The fund aims to achieve this by owning a mixture of bonds, preferred stocks, and common stocks.

Basis: The difference between the spot price of the underlying asset and the futures contract price at any point in time (e.g., the initial basis at the time of contract origination, the cover basis at the time of contract termination).

Basis of an Asset: For tax purposes, the cost of an asset.

Basis Risk: The residual exposure to the price volatility of an underlying asset that results from a cross hedge transaction.

Behavioral Finance: Involves the analysis of various psychological traits of individuals and how these traits affect how they act as investors, analysts, and portfolio managers.  

Benchmark Error: Situation where an inappropriate or incorrect benchmark is used to compare and assess portfolio returns and management.

Benchmark Portfolio: A comparison standard of risk and assets included in the policy statement and similar to the investor’s risk preference and investment needs, which can be used to evaluate the investment performance of the portfolio manager.

Binomial Option pricing Model: A valuation equation that assumes the price of the underlying asset changes through a series of discrete upward or downward movements.

Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model: A valuation equation that assumes the price of the underlying asset changes continuously through the option’s expiration date by a statistical process known as geometric Brownian motion.

Bond Price Volatility: The percentage changes in bond prices over time.

Bond Swap: An active bond portfolio management strategy that exchanges one position for another to take advantage of some difference between them.

Business Risk: The variability of operating income arising from the characteristics of the firm’s industry. Two sources of business risk are sales variability and operating leverage.

Buy-and-hold Strategy: A passive portfolio management strategy in which bonds are bought and held to maturity.

Backwardation: The payment of money charges made by a bear on the shares which he borrows to deliver against his sale. These charges usually become payable only when there are more sellers who are not in a position to deliver the documents to the buyers who demand delivery.

Bad Delivery: In stock sales, a physical transfer of the stock sold which does not conform to stock exchange rules; the defects in delivery must be corrected for the transfer to be completed.

Balance Sheet: Statement of the financial position of a company on a particular date, showing the nature and amount of a company’s assets and liabilities on a particular date, usually the end of the accounting year.

Barometer Stock: A stock which has a price movement pattern that reflects the market as a whole, thus serving as a ma5rket indicator. Reliance is considered a barometer stock.

Bear raid: It is a concerted attempt on the part of bears to unreasonably depress the price of a particular share by continuing to sell more and more despite the selling pressure.

Beginning of Day: It implies commencement of operations as defined by the system.

Beneficial Owner: Beneficial owner means, a person whose name is record as such with a depository.

Beneficiary Account: A beneficiary account is an account held with the participant by a client for the purpose of holding his/her securities.

Best Price: The price which the stock broker judges to be the most advantageous to his client, buyer or seller. A best price order to buy or sell gives the stockbroker the free option to buy or sell at his discretion.

Beta Shares: Listed but not frequently traded shares of companies with a generally low equity capital.

Bid: An offer of a price to buy or sell as in an auction. Business on the stock exchanges is done through bids. Bids also refer to the price one is willing to pay for a security.

Blank Transfer: Where the name of the transferee is left blank on a share transfer form, it constitutes a blank transfer.

Blue Chip: The best rates shares with the highest status, as investments based on return. Yes, safety marketing and liquidity, especially belonging to the “Industrials” shares of high investment quality of reputed companies, with excellent track record of good performance improving turnover, better earnings, high retained profits, steady dividend distribution and continuous growth with expansion of existing lines of business and diversification into new industrial activities.

Book Closure: Before a company declares a dividend or issues bonus or right shares, it closes its register of members for a certain period, from one week to a month, during which no transfer of shares is registered. Only those shareholders whose names appear on the register after the book closure are eligible to receive dividends and bonus shares and entitlement to right shares.

Book Value: The value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet. Since the asset is subject to depreciation, the book value is lower every year.
 
Boom: The top of a favorable trade cycle, when the prosperous outlook is reflected in the; upward movement of share prices. The opposite of SLUMP.

Bottom: A succession of prices which fall to a low point and then rise from the low point for/ at several days the lowest point in this sequence of prices is called the bottom.

Bottoming Out: This phrase describes the process by which an extended downtrend is converted into an uptrend.

Branch Order Value Limit: A limit placed on the daily aggregate value of orders entered by dealers or the Branch Manager of a branch. Orders entered by them, with the value exceeding the order Value Limit for the branch are not allowed by the system.

Breadth of the Market: This is represented by the percentage of stocks participating in a particular market move. Analysis says that there is good breadth if two-thirds of the stocks listed rise during a trading session.

Bread-up Value of Shares: Net assets as shown in the company’s balance sheet divided by the number of shares.

Broadcast Circuit: This is a virtual circuit through which the system can send messages to all workstations. In this mode, the system does not await the response from the workstations.

Brokerage: Commission payable to the stock broker for arranging the sale or purchase of shares/debentures/securit6ies. Scale of brokerage is officially fixed under the stock exchange by-laws and regulations and approved by the Government. Brokerage scales fixed are the maximum chargeable commission.

Budliwala: An intermediary who provides the necessary finance for taking delivery of shares or lends the required shares for making delivery at the end of a clearing. He lends finance for taking delivery of securities to the market when it is short of adequate funds for receiving delivery on the due date at the end of the clearing or settlement period for those who wish to carry over their purchases. He loans securities to the market when it is short of adequate supply of scrips by giving delivery on the due date at the end of clearing for those who wish to carry over their sales.

Badla Charges: Badla charges are the interest payable for the period of carry over of purchase/sale positions from one settlement to the other for th3e value of the shares. Normally, badla charges are paid by the buyers to the sellers, as the buyer retains his funds with him without taking delivery of the shares bought, and such funds, would normally earn some interest, based on market rates of interest. It is for this reason, badla charges are usually payable by buyers. Such badla charges are called contango, Seedha badla. In unusual conditions of the market, where there is a heavy over- selling in certain shares and sellers are not able to tender delivery of the documents, the sellers may be called upon to pay to buyers the badla charges and many sellers wish to carryover their positions. Such badla charges are called backwardation or undha badls.
 
Bull Market: Prolonged rise in the price of shares, sustained by buying pressure of actual investors.

Bull: A stock market operator who believes that share prices are going to rise, and keeps buying to sell later at a profit.

Business Partner: Business partner refer to all external agencies interacting with NSDL (share registrars, clearing corporations, clearing members, other depositories and depository participants).

Buy-Out: Buying the controlling shareholding of a company to take over its assets and business. A buy-out can be made through negotiations or through accumulation of shares from the stock market or purchase of shares of a major shareholder.

Buyer’s Market: Another name for bear market with an excess of supply of shares over demand and consequent low prices. The opposite of seller’s market.

Buyer: The trading member who has placed the order for the purchase of the securities.

Buying-in: When a seller of shares fails to deliver shares to the buyer on the stipulated due date, the buyer can enforce delivery by buying-in the shares against the seller from the market. The original seller is held responsible for the difference between the contact price and the buying-in price.